Lipolysis is the intracellular hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids, which are then released into the bloodstream or culture media. Lipolysis occurs in essentially all cells, but is most abundant in white and brown adipose tissue. Deficiencies in lipolysis lead to increased intracellular lipid accumulation, resulting in abnormal cellular physiology, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Lipolysis can be induced by hormones such as catecholamine, which binds to β-adrenergic receptors leading to activation of adenylate cyclase, forming cAMP from ATP. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate hormone-sensitive lipase, which hydrolyzes the triglycerides. This pathway is inhibited by insulin.

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